Easy2Siksha.com
   2024
 5 
  
(      )
 3   75
:      ,             
            
-
1.(i)            
(ii)           ?
(iii) , R,    (A, B, C, D, E, F) , FD :
->  ->  ->  ->  ->  -> 
R           
2.(i)   :    ,   ,       
(ii)     ,   ,         
                   
    
Easy2Siksha.com
-
3.            INF, 2NF  3NF 
                   
4.                
-
5.      :
  (sid:  ,   : ,   : , :  )
(i) SQL             
(ii)                  SQL 

6.       ?          
        SQL      JOIN ?     
-
7. DBMS             2PL  
  
8.      :
( )
(ii)     
() .
Easy2Siksha.com
   2024
 5 
  
(      )
 3   75
:      ,             
            
-
1.(i)            
(ii)           ?
(iii) , R,    (A, B, C, D, E, F) , FD :
->  ->  ->  ->  ->  -> 
R           
:   (i):       
󹻂 
                 
          
       :
1.   -    ( , , )     ?
2.   -         
3.      ( , )
Easy2Siksha.com
󹻂  
  :
                 
    
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
               :
 ( , , )
             :
 ( , , , )
,      (    )
            ,    
    
󷃆󽅕 
󷃆󼽢   
           
  (    )
          
     
󹻂
  :
                
          
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
          :

, DBA (   )     :
    B+   
     ,   ( , , )   
Easy2Siksha.com
󷃆󽅕 
󷃆󼽢 
          
      
        
󹻀   
  
  
   

 , 
 , 

 , 
 , , 
  (ii):          
                 :
 -  
 
  -       
󹻀   
     
󷃆󼽢  
1. 
o          .
o ,      .
2.    
o   .
o          
Easy2Siksha.com
3.  
o     .
o       ,    
4.  
o    .
o     .
5.  
o    (, NOT NULL, UNIQUE).
o       
6. DBMS      
o   .
o        
7.     
o         
o       
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
           ,  DBA    :
          
          
        
󹻀    
 ,       
󷃆󼽢  
1.  
o           
2.       
Easy2Siksha.com
o ,         .
3.  
o    .
o        (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, )
4.  
o        -  
5.   
o        ,    
6.   
o         (, INT, VARCHAR).
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
    ,     :
( , , )
( , , )
ISSUE( ,  ,    )
        ,         
 
  (iii): R            
   :
 R(A, B, C, D, E, F)
     ():
1. 
2. 
3.  
4.
5. 
Easy2Siksha.com
6.  
        -        
     
󹻀
     ( X  )   ,  :
X⁺ (X   ) = {A, B, C, D, E, F}
    X    ,       ,  
   
󹻀 
        :
F  :
 
 


C → E (     E   )
󷃆󽅕
   
󷃆󼽢 
F⁺ = {F, B, D, E, A, C} =  
󹻀  
! F⁺ =   ,  F    ,     
           
  A:

Easy2Siksha.com

E → A (  ),   F  B  
 A      
  :

C → E (),    B  F 
 E      
󹻀
󷃆󼽢 
:
F   ,       ,     
 
   (        )
2.(i)   :    ,    ,       
(ii)     ,   ,         
                   
    
:1.    
:         (   )      
     
  :
   .
    .
         
Easy2Siksha.com
 :
   
_
 


101

18
12
102

19
12
103

18
12
 , Roll_No       :
     -
      
,           Roll_No     
󹻂  
  :
                 
         ,           
  :
          
         ,       
 :      :
 




18
12
ramesh@gmail.com

19
12
@gmail.com

18
12
@gmail.com
 :
_
   .
Easy2Siksha.com
, _              
 ,        
󹻂 
  :
                  
           
  :
        
   (      )    
 :
       :
  1:  
_
 


101

18
12
102

19
12
  2: 
_
_
 
1
101
5000
2
102
4500
 :
_     .
_          
            
󹻂 
Easy2Siksha.com
  :
                 
     ,   ,        
   
  :
        
      
 :
     :
_
 


101

18
12
     :
_
_+ 
_+  + 
          ,   Roll_No    
  ,        
󼨐󼨑󼨒     
   

NULL  ?
   
 
  

󽅂
 1
_
  

󽅂
1  
, _
  
󽅂
󷃆󼽢
0  
_ (
)
  

󽅂

_+
Easy2Siksha.com
 2 (ii):         ,  ,
    
               ,     
     
󹻁
 ( -)           :
,( , , )
( , )
( "  ", " ")
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 
󹻂 
  :
             
   3   :
   (1:1)
   (1:N)
   (:)
 :
        → 1:1
      1:N
        M:N
   :
               :
o (1,1), (0,), .
Easy2Siksha.com
󹻂 
  :
             ,        
 
 :
     :
      
 ,         - :


   :
      
󹻂 
  :
               
  :
       
   ()    
Easy2Siksha.com
   
:
  :
         
      
   
   :
     .
     .
       
󹻂
  :
           
 :
<    >— 
 :
""  ()   ()      
:
      
            ( )
󷪛󷪜󷪝󷪞󷪟󷪠󷪢󷪡   
           
󷕘󷕙󷕚 
1.  
o _(  )
o 
Easy2Siksha.com
o 
o 
2. 
o  (  )
o   
o 
3.  
o _(  )
o 
o 
4. _  (  )
o _(  )
o 
o 
󹹋󹹌
1.    (      )
o -- (:)
2.    (     )
o -- (1:) -     
3.   (       )
o -- (1:N)
o  
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 
  ( )- : _ ( ), , , .
  ( )- : ( ),  , .
 ( )- :_ ( ),, .
Easy2Siksha.com
_ ( )  :_(  ), , .
:
          --
     -     
      _ , --
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨 
    :
_
 


101

18
@gmail.com
102

19
@gmail.com
    :
  
  

01

4
02

3
   :
_
 

01
 

02
 

_    :
_
 
 
_ (FK)
001
2025-01-15
5000
101
002
2025-02-12
5000
102
󷃆󼽢
Easy2Siksha.com
  ,     :
    (, , , )     
  
      ,  ,     
        
             
  
-
3.            INF, 2NF  3NF 
                   
:  :   ,  ,   (1NF, 2NF, 3NF),    - 
   
󼨐󼨑󼨒  
  :
,         ,    ( 
)         (  )     
                  
    - ,    ,        
,  ,              
   
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬   
         
󹺾   
              :

 

  

101

.
15000
 
Easy2Siksha.com
102


20000
 
103

.
15000
 
104


18000
 
  :
      -  
 ..               

   .
󷃆󼽢    
         :
1.  
2.  
3.  
 :
       
                 
  ,  
󷃆󹸊󹸋   
    (NFs)      :

 

1
   (1NF)
     
2
   (2NF)
  
3
   (3NF)
  
         -    
󼨻󼨼   
󽄡󽄢󽄣󽄤󽄥󽄦 
Easy2Siksha.com
   1NF   :
    ()  
         
󽅂  

 
 
101

., .
102


,        
󷃆󼽢  

 

101

.
101

.
102


    () ,   1NF 
󼨸󼨹󼨺  
    1NF  :
""   
     
    
,       2NF  
󼨻󼨼
   
󽄡󽄢󽄣󽄤󽄥󽄦 
   2NF   :
    1NF 
    
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
Easy2Siksha.com
  -   ( )           ,  
  
           (     ) 
󹺾 


 
  
101
.

15000
102


20000
  : ( + )
 :
       
       
 ,     
󷃆󼽢  
  -    :
󷕘󷕙󷕚  

 
101

102

󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  

  
.
15000

20000
Easy2Siksha.com
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍   


101
.
102

:
            
    ,   2NF 
󼨻󼨼   
󽄡󽄢󽄣󽄤󽄥󽄦 
   3NF   :
    2NF 
     
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂
 A → B  B → C,  A → C   
    :
   -      
     .
󹺾 

 

_ 
_
101

.
 

:

_ 
__ _
 ,   
Easy2Siksha.com
󷃆󼽢  
    :
󷕘󷕙󷕚  


101

󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍   


101
.
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  

_ 
.
 
󷽰󷽱󸚌󷽲󷽳󷽴󷽵󷽶󸚍󷽷󸚎󸚏󷽸󷽹󸚐󷽺󷽻󸚑󸚒󷽼󷽽󷽾󷽿󷾀󷾁󷾂󷾃󷾄󷾅󷾆󷾇󷾈󷾉󸚓 
_ 
_
 

:
  -     -      
        
 3NF .
󼿰󼿱󼿲     
           ,   
 :
1. 󽅇󽅈   
          
   : ,  ,  , 
 SQL      
Easy2Siksha.com
2. 󽅇󽅈      
           
  ,          ,  4  
 
      -    
3. 󽅇󽅈    
       
            
󷃆󼽢  
    :
      
       
        
   , -        (
   )     
󷃆󼽢      
   

  
1
  
-    
2
   
        
3
   
    
󼨐󼨑󼨒   
         -   -  
,     
1NF    2NF →  3NF -   
    , -      
Easy2Siksha.com
   ,    ,       
4.                
: ( )
              
        ,        ,
              ,  
   
       (  ),       
,     (DBMS)       
      -            
         :
   (, , )
   
  
      
   ,     " "   -     
   
          -    
     
1.     
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
           :
 ,     (, ) 
 ,     (, ) 
,    
   ,      
Easy2Siksha.com
,      :
  : “   ” →  1
      -  ,        
󷃆󼽢 
 :      (   ),  
              
 
󽅂 
         (,   )  
 
 :       ,     
 
2.    
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
,           ?
      ,      
 ,          ,        
    
            
󷃆󼽢 
-- :       
   :       
󽅂 
  :       -     

  :          
Easy2Siksha.com
3.     ( )
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
                
  
  :
   
    
     
      
   :
  




1
 





  
  

 
101

9876543210
             (  ,,
).
         (MySQL, Oracle, )
󷃆󼽢 
  :      .
   :     .
     : SQL (  )   .
  :         
󽅂 
     .
Easy2Siksha.com
              
            ,    

4. -   
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
,     ,  ,    3D   
 
      -   (    )   (  
 )  
   :
    : , , 
    : , , 
 -  (OOP)   
           -      

󷃆󼽢 
     : , , .
     : , 3D , 
 :       .
󽅂 
     
         
          
4.      (NoSQL)
Easy2Siksha.com
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
          ,      
    - JSON 
 :
{
"tle": "   ",
"author": " ",
"": "",
"": 2010
}
                
    MongoDB  NoSQL     
󷃆󼽢 
 :    ;     
:   ( ,   )       
:      .
󽅂 
    : ,     .
     
            
6.  -   
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
          - 
   , :
"101"→ "   "
"102"→ "  "
Easy2Siksha.com
     :          
,           (  , Redis,
DynamoDB)
󷃆󼽢 
   .
 .
 ,      
󽅂 
     .
 :      
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂   

 
 



 ,
 
, 
,  --
  


,

,
 

 (
 )
, ,

,

  SQL
  

 


(OOP)
, 

 
 , 

(NoSQL)
JSON 
 ,  
,

   
 -
(NoSQL)
 ( 
)
, 

, 
  
Easy2Siksha.com
-
5.      :
  (sid:  ,   : ,   : , :  )
(i) SQL             
(ii)                  SQL 

:󼨐󼨑󼨒  
                   
         SQL    
󼨻󼨼
SQL                
             
SQL       :
1. 
2. 
3. 
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬    
        :

 


1


20
2


22
3


21
4


19
5


22
             :
Easy2Siksha.com
󷃆󼽢
:              22  
  *   
 = ''   = 22;
󷃆󼽢

 


5


22
:        :       22 
󷃆󼽢
:           20        
  *   
  = 20  = '';
󷃆󼽢

 


1


20
2


22
:  20             OR 
 
󷃆󼽢
:          22      
  *   
   = 22;
󷃆󼽢
Easy2Siksha.com

 


1


20
3


21
4


19
:NOT          22    ,   
󷃆󼽢  
:               22    
  *   
 = ''    = 22;
󷃆󼽢

 


3


21
:      ,       22  
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
             :
  *   
( = ''  = '')   < 22;
 22              
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫     
      
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷
           (  )  
           
󹺁󹺂   
Easy2Siksha.com
1.  ()      
2. ()   
3. ()   
4. ()    
5. ()    
          :

 


1


20
2


22
3


21
4


19
5


22
󷃆󼽢
:         
  total_students    COUNT(*)   ;
󷃆󼽢
_
5
󷃆󼽢
:          
  _     ()   ;
󷃆󼽢

Easy2Siksha.com
104
(20 + 22 + 21 + 19 + 22 = 104)
󷃆󼽢
:        
() AS   ;
󷃆󼽢
 
20.8
(104 / 5 = 20.8)
󷃆󼽢
:         
() AS    ;
󷃆󼽢
  
19
󷃆󼽢
:         
() AS    ;
󷃆󼽢
  
22
󷃆󼽢  
Easy2Siksha.com
:            
 ,  (*)AS   
 
   ;
󷃆󼽢

  
19
1
20
1
21
1
22
2
: 22     2  ,     - 
󷃆󼽢  
󹸯󹸭󹸮
:     
:        
NOT:      
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚  
COUNT() –   
SUM() –    
AVG() –  
MIN() –   
MAX() –   
Easy2Siksha.com
6.       ?         
        SQL      JOIN ?     
:        :
                 
  :
1.  (_, , )
2.  (_, , )
3. _ (_, _, _)
,          :
      ?
            ?
       ,          
        
󷆰   
                
    ,     :
   (  ,    )
  (  ,    )
  (  ,    )
   (  ,    )
    SQL (  )
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤        
          SQL    , 
       ,     
 :
A.     (TRC)
,    ()     
Easy2Siksha.com
  : “           
󽄬󽄭󽄮󽄯󽄰 
            
    ,     :
{ t | t   t. = '' }
  : Students    tuples t    = 
.     ()
,         ()    
󽄬󽄭󽄮󽄯󽄰 
         
    :
{  |   ( (, , )   = '') }
  :      ,    ,     
󹹋󹹌  
         - SQL  JOINs
          ,       , 
 JOIN   
 :
     
The     __.
             ,     
  
A.  
         .
󼪺󼪻 
Easy2Siksha.com
  ,     ._ 
 
   
ON Students.Student_ID = _ .Student_ID;
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨  
B.     (     )
      ,        
    ,   NULL   
󼪺󼪻 
  ,     ._ 
 
   
ON Students.Student_ID = _ .Student_ID;
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨
C.     (      )
LEFT JOIN  ,  
    
󼪺󼪻 
  ,     ._ 
 
   
ON Students.Student_ID = _ .Student_ID;
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨 
.   (    )
LEFT  RIGHT JOIN    
    ,       NULL   
Easy2Siksha.com
󼪺󼪻 
  ,     ._ 
 
   
ON Students.Student_ID = _ .Student_ID;
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨 

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  

 
 
 
       

       ()   

-   ()   
   
    
 
    +   
 
    +   
 
    
󼨐󼨑󼨒  
JOIN  -         :
    :         
  :    ,      
   :        ,       
 
  :     
Easy2Siksha.com
-
7. DBMS             2PL  
        
:     ?
                  
             ?      
           ?
 ,    (DBMS) ,   ( )      
                , :
        
    
 
     , DBMS          -
(    /  )          
  
󹳬󹳭󹳮󹳯󹳰󹳳󹳱󹳲  
  DBMS              :
1. -  
              
          ,      
 :                 
    
 :
   (-):  
  (-):  
2.  -  
         
  /       
Easy2Siksha.com
 -    
   -     
3.  -   (    )
-       ,       
 
     ,      
 :    ,        
   
4.    ()
      .
         ,    
 
               
    
5. -   (2PL)
          
     ( -     )
          
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
           ()    
      
:
   :

  
 -         ,     -  (2PL) 
  
     :
Easy2Siksha.com
󽄬󽄭󽄮󽄯󽄰  
        (      )
:            
 :
  , “  3   ” →   3       , “ 5
   ” →  5        
󹸾󹸿󹹀  
         ,        
         
 :
  3                  
          
    ?
                  ,  
       
     :
󼪺󼪻   
 -   :
T1:  A   B  ₹100  
T2:  A + B      
2PL   :
T1   A = ₹1000 
T1 ₹100   A = ₹900
T2   A = ₹900 
T1, B  ₹100   B = ₹1100
Easy2Siksha.com
T2   B = ₹1100 
T2   = ₹2000 → 󽅂  (₹2100  )
2PL   :
1:
 (-)
A  = ₹1000
= - 100
  (-)
 B = ₹1000
 =  + 100
A = ₹900 
B = ₹1100 
A  B   
2:
T1        
 A = ₹900, B = ₹1100
= ₹2000 󷃆󼽢 
 2PL      T2         T1    
 ,      
󼨐󼨑󼨒  
   =   ,  
  =    ,    
      ,       
                
󷃆󼽢  
      
Easy2Siksha.com
      :
o   
o  
o     
   (    ,    )
󼿰󼿱󼿲 
    :   - -       
 
   -         
 DBMS              

󷙎󷙐󷙏
  , DBMS   ,           -
       2PL           
      
8.      :
(i).( )
(ii).    
:(i)  
 ...
                
    ,      ,    ,   
,             
        :
 
 
Easy2Siksha.com
   
    
   ,   
     !     ,       
       
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤
          ,        
       
       ,            ,  
 ,       
󹴂󹴃󹴄󹴅󹴉󹴊󹴆󹴋󹴇󹴈 
       ,  5 V  -    5   :
1.   
:      
2.  
:        
3.    
: , , ,  ,  
4.  
:         ?
5.  
:             
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀   
     
       :
 
  
Easy2Siksha.com
  - 
  


 
  -               
      :
          
        
         
     
         
󼩣󼩤󼩥󼩦󼩧󼩨󼩩   
   MS Excel          ,  
  :
         
  -   
         
    ( )   
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨
        
(  , YouTube           
 )
      
(              )
 ,       
(,       )
Easy2Siksha.com
󹲨󹲭󹲩󹲪󹲫󹲬  
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
                 
     ,            󺆇󺆄󺆈󺆅󺆆
  -    - ,         ,  
      !
         ,    
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 
                -
 ,    
               
󼿝󼿞󼿟   
   ""   -   :
1.     -        
2. -     (    )    
  
3.          
4.   -  ,     
󷃆󹸃󹸄 
            ₹5,000    
     ,          ,   
,   ! 󽅂
 ,     :
   
    
       
Easy2Siksha.com
󼩣󼩤󼩥󼩦󼩧󼩨󼩩   
1. -   
               
    ,      
    ,           
   
 :
      70  80   ,     :
:70
 : 80
     ,               
2. 
         
  ,        
    ,           

 :
 2    ,  1           ,  
  ,       
3.    
        
     ,    ( )    
    ,       
 :
          ,        
   ,          
Easy2Siksha.com
4.   
      
              
 :
  -   ,           
          
󹸾󹸿󹹀 
  ACID     ,      :
A   :    
:    
I  :- -    
 :     ,        
           ,     

󼨐󼨑󼨒     


  

,   
      

 ,  
 ,  

, , 
 ,  
  /
,  , MongoDB
, , ,  

  ,  
  ,    
"                   
    ,     "